Kornitzer M, Kittel F, Dramaix M, Bourdoux P (1987) A double blind study of 2 mg versus 4 mg nicotine-gum in an industrial setting. Keenan RM, Hatsukami DK, Anton DJ (1989) The effects of smokeless tobacco deprivation on performance.
#HAWKEN CHEWING TOBACCO NICOTINE CONTENT TRIAL#
Jarvis MJ, Raw M, Russell MAH, Feyerabend C (1982) Randomized controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum. Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Pickens RW, Krahn D, Malin S, Luknic A (1984) Effect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome.
Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK (1986) Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hjalmarson AIM (1984) Effects of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. Hatsukami DK, Dahlgren L, Zimmerman R, Hughes JR (1988) Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal from total cigarette cessation versus partial cigarette reduction. Hatsukami DK, Gust SW, Keenan RM (1987) Physiologic and subjective changes from smokeless tobacco withdrawl. Hatsukami DK, Hughes JR, Pickens RW, Svikis D (1984) Tobacco withdrawal symptoms: an experimental analysis. Harper S (1980) In tobacco, where there's smokeless fire. Hanter SM, Webber LS, Berenson GS (1980) Cigarette smoking and tobacco usage behavior in children and adolescents: Bogalusa heart study. Hall SM, Tunstall C, Ginsberg D, Benowitz NC, Jones RT (1987) Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment: a placebo controlled trial. Gross J, Stitzer ML (1989) Nicotine replacement: ten week effects on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Gritz ER, Baer-Weiss V, Benowitz NL, Van Vanakis H, Jarvik ME (1981) Plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations in habitual smokeless tobacco users. Greer RO, Poulson TC (1983) Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teenagers. Goldsmith DF, Winn DM (1980) Hazards of snuff. J Am Dent Assoc 98:584–586Ĭummings SR, Richard RJ (1988) Optimum cutoff points for biochemical validation of smoking status. Tex Dent J 97:6–10Ĭhristen AG, Armstrong WR, McDaniel RV (1979b) Intraoral leukoplakia, periodontal breakdown, and teeth loss in a snuff dipper. Am J Psychiatry 133:82–88Ĭhristen AG, McDaniel RK, Doran JE (1979a) Snuff dipping and tobacco chewing in a group of Texas college athletes. sleep lab findings in 122 drug-free subjects with complaints of chronic insomnia. Anna Int Med 111:112–116Ĭarskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Guilleminault MD, Zarcone VD, Spiegel R (1976) Self-report vs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44:23–28īenowitz NL, Jacob P III, Yu L (1989) Daily use of smokeless tobacco: systematic effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34:604–611īenowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, Jacob P III (1988) Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarette and nicotine gum. Am J Public Health 77:846–848īenowitz NL, Kuyt F, Jacob P, Jones RT, Osman AL (1983) Cotinine disposition and effects. The second experiment showed that nicotine gum failed to significantly reduce smokeless tobacco abstinence effects, although those with high cotinine levels may receive some benefit from nicotine gum.Ībrams DB, Follick MJ, Biener L, Carey KB, Hitti J (1987) Saliva cotinine as a measure of smoking status in field settings. The first experiment showed significant increases upon abstinence for the following variables: (1) craving (2) difficulty concentrating (3) restlessness (4) excessive hunger (5) eating (6) reaction time (7) variability of reaction time and (8) total withdrawal scores for both the self-rated and the observer-rated forms.
#HAWKEN CHEWING TOBACCO NICOTINE CONTENT PLUS#
In the second experiment, subjects were assigned randomly and in a double-blind fashion to one of three groups and compared: (1) deprivation plus 0 mg nicotine gum ( n=20) (2) deprivation plus 2 mg nicotine gum ( n=20) and (3) deprivation plus 4 mg nicotine gum ( n=20). In the first experiment, the subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups and compared: continuous smokeless tobacco users ( n=10), and deprivation plus no nicotine gum ( n=10). The subjects were male Copenhagen smokeless tobacco users who underwent 3 days of baseline measurement while continuing to use smokeless tobacco ad libitum, and 5 days of the experimental condition. The purpose of the second experiment was to examine the effects of different doses of nicotine gum on smokeless tobacco abstinence effects. The purpose of the first experiment was to determine abstinence effects from smokeless tobacco. There were two experiments on abstinence from smokeless tobacco.
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